The Theory Of Object Hood - 1244 Words

The concept of object hood is innate, and can be found very early on in infancy. By Name Institution Course Tutor Date The concept of object hood is innate, and can be found very early on in infancy The ability of children to detect object starts from their early stages of life. Different researchers have come up with different models explaining how children perceive objects and how that perception changes over time as they grow older. Tracing of objects according to Piaget’s research is found to start developing slowly over the first 2 years of human life. Different to Piaget’s research, these abilities start as early as 4 months or 2 months of birth according to Hespos and Baillargeon. Spelke in his research concluded that these abilities of tracing objects are innately found in children. As a child develops they become more sophisticated and they interconnect easily. Researchers suggest that a child’s understanding developed from experiences which they undergo but also they are born with some understanding of the world. Piaget’s account of object permanence Piaget claims that infants do not conceive objects which have independent existence. Infant’s perspective of objects is that objects pop in and out of existence in a child’s sense. Before the age of eight or nine months, infants won’t be able to search for a toy hidden under a cloth in front of it. Therefore Piaget concluded that objects seize to exist in a child’s mind because according toShow MoreRelated Psychology Religion: The Spirtual Side to Counseling Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional journals giving an outlet to psychological study of religion, and the apparently increasing availability of college classes focusing on psychology of religion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Psychologists who study religion, however, address â€Å" an object whose reality can be received only in the state of faith† (p.32). the act of belief is critical to religious knowledge and experience. In psychology, skepticism is an enduring value, but in religion it is an intermediate step on the pathway to beliefRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral psychological theories and approaches like the behavioral, humanistic, psychoanalytic, biological, and cognitive approaches have been developed to explain the development psychology. This paper explains these approaches and theories. Behavioral psychology studies how living organisms develop different behaviors in response to the conditions surrounding them (Lerner, 2002, p. 34). Among the theories that best explains behavioral psychology is Skinner’s operant conditioning theory (Lerner, 2002,Read MoreThe Scientific Study Of Personhood1419 Words   |  6 Pagesunique individual is dogged by blood or kinship (Jurg and Joachim, 2013). Marcel Mauss thoughts heavily influenced the anthropological study of the notion of personhood after 1970 s. It is possible to say that the study of the concept of a person/hood after Mauss took two directions. Scholars influenced by Mauss’s such as Jackson tries to ‘distinguish between the social person, as normatively defined, and the self as internally defined’ (Rasmussen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦). On the other hand, Fortes studies the notionRead MoreInfluences Of An Early Childhood Educator1202 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing the basic needs of food and shelter, emotional needs are of extreme importance (Hood, 2009). Considering the fact that children have no idea of how the world or the society works, they are not 100% conscious of how they behave in front of others. Emotions play a vital role in their wellbeing and development. In children, overall wellbeing is affected significantly by how one deal with their emotional needs (Hood, 2009). In the case of children, the following points are of the most importance:Read MoreI Had The Pleasure Of Interviewing Miss. G. Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesfor herself. There is a theory in the textbook that I found was very similar to the interview with Miss. G. That theory is Levinson’s Theories of Life Structure, Life Ears and Transitions for men. Levinson’s Theory of Life Structure is what stood out the most. What this theory is that a person’s life structure shapes and is shaped by what the person does within their environment. This is almost seen as a right of passage and example is childhood, entering teen hood, teen hood entering young adulthoodRead MoreThe Four Stages Of Jean Piagets Cognitive Development1479 Words   |  6 Pages p.10). It has 4 stages such as, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and, formal operational (Rathus, S., Longmuir, S., 2011, p.11). In this paper, I will discuss how Piaget developed his theory and how toys can meet each need during the 4 specific stages. In Piaget’s theory, sensorimotor is the first stage which is referred to the first two years of cognitive development (Rathus, S., Longmuir, S., 2011, p.81). This is when an in infant progresses from responding to events withRead MoreAthletic And A Child Named Timothy Jamal Hood827 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This case study will focus on an athletic and cheerful child named Timothy Jamal Hood. Timothy is a growing fifteen-year-old male with fair skin and dark brown eyes. He is five feet and seven inches tall. Timothy was born on August 4, 2000, to his father, Irvin, and mother, Maria Hood. The family owns a four bedroom home in Missouri City, Texas. Timothy has a dog named Max. Timothy is a sophomore at Elkins High school. Timothy has an older brother named Robert. The family’s socioeconomicRead MoreSociology : Teenage Wasteland : Suburbia s Dead End Kids1157 Words   |  5 PagesSociology can be seen through three perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. The three perspectives are similar; they all describe how society works. However, each perspective mentions a different mechanism of society evolves. An excerpt from the book Teenage Wasteland: Suburbia’s Dead-End Kids, written by Donna Gaines, and an article from the Sociological Inquiry called â€Å"Working at Bazooms: The Intersection of Power, Gender, and Sexuality†, written by Meika LoeRead MoreSociological Perspectives of Shrek966 Words   |  4 Pagesattempts to explain that like onions, ogres are multi-layered. He attempts to use the onion analogy to explain that one should judge others based on their appearance because they might be completely different than what one expected. 3. The conflict theory can be seen in Lord Farquaads rule of Duloc in the way in which he discriminates and segregates citizens based on their human and fairy tale attributes. He persecutes fairy tale characters without regard for their well-being. 4. When PrincessRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Behavior1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthought Structuralism - using reductionism to analyze the reduced elements of human consciousness When Wundt s work spread to America and to William James, who s ideas were influenced by the culture in American society at the time, Charles Darwin s theory of evolution - who emphasized that the physical characteristics could be understood through looking at the functions they served. He formed a reaction to Structuralism and a second major school of thought - Functionalism, as he considered Psychological

The IMF Disease Eating Away Our Daily Bread - 946 Words

The IMF disease eating away our daily bread Pakistan’s economy has paid a huge price in partnering the war on terror with the USA. According to a recently released IMF report called â€Å"Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper†, total losses, measured in terms of exports, foreign investment, industrial output and tax collection, are estimated to be around RS 2.08 trillion during the last five years period. The war on terror has outbalanced already stretched financial resources of the government as a consequence the development projects have been cut resulting in increase in poverty and unemployment. The nation incurred a loss of RS 259 billion in FY 2005 and in FY 2009 it reached over RS 650 billion-indicating more than 100%†¦show more content†¦Coming back to the IMF report findings, it says, to regain macroeconomic stability, Pakistan needs to expand its economy 5-7% per annum over the next 5 years period, create adequate number of jobs, improve income distribution and liberalize the economy, and set gear for transparent privatization. The IMF needs to understand that the epicenter of Pakistan’s problem is the political economy of the country than the economy itself. The two core issues that needed to be addressed immediately are; improvement in security situation and the economic governance. The government is running out of choices as on the one hand it has to meet the harsh conditionalities of the IMF and on the other has to save the economy from total collapse-balancing the two wheels is rather a difficult job for the economic managers of the country. The harsh IMF conditions at the moment are doing no good to the economy, instead, have added to the frustration of common men. What Pakistan needs right now is a growth which is not only demand driven but job oriented which will help increase consumers’ income and standards of living of average Pakistanis. But with high prevailing interest rates, poor security situation coupled with carrot and stick game of the IMF, the task is unlikely to be achieved. Hence the growth will remain subdued in the nearShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesspan w e call the twentieth century, no matter how it is temporally delineated. Never before in history, for example, had so many humans enjoyed such high standards of living, and never had so many been so impoverished or died of malnutrition and disease. If the period from the 1870s is included in a long twentieth century (and perhaps even if it is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented

Media s Influence On Body Image - 942 Words

A body image is a subjective combination of all the thoughts, emotions, and judgments that an individual may perceive about his or her own body. Each individual has a unique perception of his or her own body. This image is strongly influenced and often times skewed due to the increasing pressure created from outside, societal factors. With a world that is continuously creating new forms of social media and entertainment, individuals are constantly exposed to images that supposedly define bodily perfection and are then expected to resemble these images in order to fit in and/or please society. The expectations that have been put in place by society has created unwanted pressure on individuals who feel as if they need to resemble these images to get society’s approval. Society and the media have an enormous influence on an individual’s concept of beauty and bodily perfection. Even the â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder,† many people allow the media’s influence into their lives, which is a dangerous thing to allow (Vogel, 2015). According to David Newman, author of Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, society is defined as the â€Å"population of people living in the same geographic area who share a culture and a common identity and whose members fall under the same political authority† (Newman, 2010, 18). The people within a society constantly create and add to the pressure already placed on individuals which can severely alter and harm one’s self-esteem. Self-esteem isShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On The Body Image804 Words   |  4 Pageseyebrows are on point! She s so skinny and fit looking. Her skin is absolutely flawless! I wish I looked like her! Why can t I be like those girls? How many times have you watched television, searched the web, looked at magazines, or used your cell phone and have thought those things about a woman/teen girl that you have seen? Media has photoshopped, airbrushed, and tweaked pictures and videos to appear as perfect! The media has made young women feel as if their bodies are not good enough. YoungRead MoreMedia s Influence On Body Image1697 Words   |  7 Pages Ultra-thin models are plastered all over the media today, but have these influential sources thought of the negative outcomes that could change society forever? The notions represented by the media silently incline girls to conform to an ideal that is impossible to reach. Due to their malleable brains, adolescent females are subjected to the image of a perfect body through media’s adverse influence of what a quintessential girl is supposed to look like and the permanent impact it has onRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Body Image722 Words   |  3 PagesMillions of women, day in day out, are bombarded with the media’s notion of the â€Å"ideal† female body. These impractical images are depicted within women’s magazines worldwide, sending out the message to women that they are not thin or pretty enough. Magazine companies spend billions of pounds yearly on diet and exercise advertisements to include in their magazines, having their readers buy into body dissatisfaction through unrealistic imagery of women, accompanied by dieting and exercise informationRead MoreMedia Influence On Women s Body Image1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthe perfect body image has changed in many ways. This is very evident in the female sex, especially through media. â€Å"Americans spend about 68 hours per week exposed to various forms of media† (US Census Bureau 2009). This media exposure through outlets such as t.v., radio, music videos, movies, and the internet, all influence the way people think about gender. The media influence is very evident in the way people view women and think about women in different cultures. Media influence on women createsRead MoreMedia s Influence On Female Body Image967 Words   |  4 Pagesalways surrounded by a variety of media and we identify ourselves in parts of those images we see. Media believes women should look like Victoria Secret models: tall, lean, and tanned women, but lately there has been issue from women all over the world who are tired of having to be set at impossible types of female figures. Revolving around a certain type of body figure is horrible because bodies come in different shapes and sizes. The media has influenced the female body perception by showing that womenRead MoreMass Media s Influence On Body Image1414 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media’s Influence on Body Image Over the years a debate over who is to blame over the decline in how girls perceive themselves has arisen. With Photoshop being the societal norm concerning the media, it has become difficult for many to understand where the line between real and near impossible standards lies. Youths see an image edited to â€Å"perfection† and strive to reach the standards that they imagine due to the images displayed on magazines, television and social media. From Disney to magazinesRead MoreAnalysis Of Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs 1179 Words   |  5 Pagesand television are employed in their every day lives . From these new technologies, Americans can connect with the media and they are constantly attacked by the messages of the media. A superior message the media is depicting is ultra-thin as a reference point of beauty. Everyday an abundance of women are bombarded with the media s concept and interpretation of the flawless body. The photos being represented in popular magazines typically issued for women all over the country are impracticalRead More The Medias Influence on Eating Disorders Essay example1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medias Influence on Eating Disorders The National Eating Disorders Association states that eating disorders are conditions that arise from factors including physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social issues. Media images help define cultural definitions of beauty and attractiveness and are often acknowledged as one of the factors that contribute to the rise of eating disorders (NEDA). The National Eating Disorders Associations website, The Effect of the Media on Body SatisfactionRead MoreThe Influences Of Mass Media On Society864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a normal part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. Although broadcasted content wasRead MoreMedia Negatively Affects Body Image1153 Words   |  5 PagesMedia negatively affects body image. medias are technology based platforms for opinions and facts, and have a wide spectrum of views. Body image must do with how one sees themselves and it can be either positive or negative. Across the board, the biggest platforms media has used to distort the image of the body are social media, TV, and magazines. Body images have been an ongoing controversial issue throughout history, especially with women, but with men as well. As technology grows and furthers

Thomas Jefferson And The United States Essay - 2197 Words

Thomas Jefferson was a man that believed in the strength of a republic. Some people feared that United States would not have a strong government. However, Jefferson argued that he believed in this way of government for a multitude of reasons. In his inaugural address as president, he said â€Å"I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern.† This can be interpreted as the right of the people to be involved in their government. He found this to be an essential part of a free government, and it was something Americans lacked when they were under British rule. This same idea correlates with the main ideology that the Roman established their own republic around. Jefferson also expressed the duty of a man to be one with the law. That is main idea that stems from the republic that th e Roman set up during ancient times. In Rome â€Å"one was known by his deeds in the public service, his accomplishments that brought riches to the city, his exploits that showed courage and daring in the midst of danger.† Jefferson used this argument in his inaugural address to claim the republic would not only help American flourish but also bring its citizens together in a way it had during Roman times. The parallels in their reasoning and motive for government was the same and the Americans also hoped toShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And The United States2492 Words   |  10 PagesThomas Jefferson To begin with, Thomas Jefferson was born April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia, to Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph, one of Virginia s most prestigious families. Throughout his long life – he died at eighty-three years old – Thomas Jefferson devoted himself to the building and governing of the United States. He served in a number of positions, from Ambassador to France, Governor of Virginia, Secretary of State, Vice President and as the third president of the United States. YetRead MoreThomas Jefferson : The Second President Of The United States1458 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States of American, the second vice president, and one of the Founding Fathers. He was born on April 13, 1743 and Died on July 4th 1826. Thomas Jefferson also signed the U.S Declaration of Independence. Not only did he sign the Declaration of Independence but he was also the Author. The United States was the first country to declare Independence as a colony. He was also one of the most important people of the American Revolution. He was theRead MoreThomas Jefferson And The Second President Of The United States1538 Words   |  7 PagesAs the third President of the United States of America, the author of the Declaration of Independence, founder of the University of Virginia and a founding father of our great nation, Thomas Jefferson had a lasting impact on the way we live our lives today in our great nation. Jefferson throughout his life was known to keep his religious views to himself even once said â€Å"Say nothing of my religion. It is known to God and myself alone.† (Ragosta 7). Jefferson held this belief firm throughout his lifeRead MoreThomas Jefferson : Most Important Presidents That The United States1332 Words   |  6 Pages The name Thomas Jefferson will sound familiar to most American people. In fact, some people might argue that he was one of the most important presidents that the United States ever ha d. He was born on April 17, 1743 in Abemarle County, Virginia. So what made Thomas Jefferson so important? He was one of the earliest leaders that ended British rule in the United States. (Mccolley 160). He was considered the first democrat, and he was known as a Virginia aristocrat. His parents were both rich, andRead MoreThomas Jefferson Was The Second President Of The United States Of America1671 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson was the third president of The United States of America and one of the most influential founding fathers in American history. Thomas was born in Shadwell in Albemarle County, Virginia in 1743. His father Peter Jefferson was a well respected planter in Virginia. Not much is said about Jefferson s early life due to the Shadwell fire. The Shadwell fire destroyed many of Jefferson s person recollections in 1770 leaving much of his early history and his development into an AmericanRead MoreThomas Jefferson and Jay Hamilton: Contributors to the Political System of the United States1259 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson and Jay Hamilton were both important contributors to the political system of the United States; however, they had differing opinions on what system is best for the nation. Jefferson believed the small republic, such as in towns or small communities, is the safest; in which liberty is protected by allowing every citizen to have the ability to have a direct impact on their government. Hamilton believed small republics are dangerous for free application of liberty, as they open up theRead MoreThomas Jefferson And His Achievements And Political Decisions1262 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson, one of the most well-known presidents in American history, was the third president of the United States, and was known as one of the Founding Fathers, for he is one of the principle authors of the famous Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson is an important factor of the development of the United States. This leading figured has influenced the prosperity of the America’s with his achievements and political decisions, regarding the United States JosephRead MoreThe Author Of The Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1133 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Jefferson was one of the best authors and Presidents in United States history. Jefferson becoming an author impacted his life greatly. Jefferson was the main author in the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† and that alone changed his life. Jefferson was also one of the best Presidents the world had ever seen. Jefferson’s work mentioned above impacted his life more than you will ever know. Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Virginia. Jefferson had eight kids; Martha Jefferson Randolph, EstonRead MoreThomas Jefferson And His Influence On American History967 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties. Thomas Jefferson, an early American founding father, is credited to have had much influence on what shaped our early American society, and what would go on to eventually become the bases of our modern American way of life. â€Å"Jefferson is best known as the leading classical liberal in American history. As the author of the Declaration of Independence, he outlined the political principles that launched the new nation.† (James Thomas Jefferson, Life Centered Philosophy) Thomas Jefferson was notRead MoreThomas Jefferson And The Declaration Of Independence1360 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson was a man who was born on April 13, 1743, he the third president of United States, author of the Declaration of Independence, a lawyer gentlemen farmer, he also was the father of the University of Virginia. Jefferson’s influences on government was to end federal government, to allow the Sedition and Alien Act to put an end to it, to end the taxes, and after ending taxes to release prisoners held by this act. Thomas brought a studied informality to the presidency. He used revenues

Genomic Disease Resistance to Late Blight of Tomato-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGenomic Disease Resistance to Late Blight of Tomato. Answer: Tomato or Solanum lycopersicum is a very vital vegetable crop in the world. According to the recent estimation, about 4.6 million ha of tomatoes are grown per year around the world, producing over 126million mt (Straquadine, Baig and Mukhtar 2017). Apart from being the second most important vegetable crop, tomatoes are also considered as a model species of plant for many of the genetic studies associated with stress tolerance, fruit quality or several other psychological traits. Furthermore, to meet with the demands for tomatoes, they are also grown in the greenhouse. Due to great economic contribution of tomatoes in the field of agriculture, there is plentiful interest in making use of the genomic tools in order to ameliorate the tomato and grow more new varieties of it. May times, the production of tomatoes are hindered by several fungal diseases such as late blight, fusarium wilt, early blight, verticilium wilt, septoria leaf spot, etc (Ohara et al. 2015). Among all; the late blight is the most critical one. It is one of the most vital foliar fungal disease in tomatoes. It is the same fungus, which created the destructive loss of potatoes in the year 1845 in Europe. It limits the tomato production. Late blight of tomato is considered as one of the most infamous diseases in the field of agriculture (Jung et al. 2015). It is acclaimed as the root of the famous Irish potato famine of the mid nineteenth century that has resulted in the demise of more than two million people in Ireland. The disease in fact spurred the exposure of the study of plant pathology. During his studies to understand the root cause of late blight, Anton deBary, the botanist demonstrated that a fungal-like growth on the blighted plants was the reason behind it. This had led other scientists and botanists to investigate on other bacteria and fungi that were related to plant diseases and along with the expansion of the Kochs postulates for initiating pathogenicity, causal pathogens of several plant diseases have been identified. The late blight is originated by oomycete pathogen called the Phytophthora infestans (Zuluaga et al. 2016). It in fact is fundamentally a pathogen of tomatoes and potatoes. However, it has also been known to infect the other adherents of the plant family of Solanaceae. It is also significant for having both sexual and asexual life. However, the disease is also referred to as community disease as it has the ability to circulate or spread speedily from one field to another under right weather conditions. It is mostly favored by humid, foggy or raining conditions and cool temperature. It quickly ruins the entire crop and supplies a good source of infections for the other plants. Hence, it is very important for the gardeners to understand the fact that the disease of tomato late blight is not like the other usual tomato diseases. The other diseases causes very limited damage but Late blight in fact, kills the plants completely and is highly infectious and communicable. Late blight is one of the known destructive diseases of tomatoes in the world. Because of the emergence of the very new and aggressive isolates of Phytophthora infestans, identification of new genomic diseases resistance to Late Blight is a top most priority in breeding of tomatoes. The term phytophthora is a Latin term, which means plant destroyer (Lazebnik et al. 2017). The tissues of the infected plants die and the outbreak grow and spread rapidly as the pathogen has the ability to produce a large number of wind-dispersed spores. If once a plant gets infected, it is bound to destroy. Its occurrence in a garden may even affect the other gardens as well and this is due to wind dispersion of the spores. From the popular Irish famine, there has been a high amount interest of the researchers in the disease of late blight. At first, it they studied the affect of the same in potatoes but later the study was held in tomatoes as well. The three major genetic disease resistances against LB include Ph-1, Ph-2 and the Ph-3 (Luan et al. 2018). These resistances have been charted to the tomato chromosomes 7, 10 and 9 respectively. The Ph-1 is a single dominant gene that provides resistance in order to trace the race T-0, but it was speedily mastered by the new races of pathogen. It was portrayed to the very distant end of the chromosome 7 by making use of morphological markers but it has been reported that there was no molecular marker that was related with this resistance gene. The Ph-2 on the other hand is a single insufficient-dominant gene that was portrayed to the very lower end of the prolonged arm of the tomato chromosome 10. It supplies limited resistance to various isolates of the rac e T-1. Ph-3 was primarily discovered in the accessions of S. pimpinellifolium- L3708 and L3707 in Taiwan (Siedl Johnson, Jordan and Gevens 2014). At present, Ph-3 is the most useful among the three major genetic disease resistances. It benefits insufficient dominant resistance against wide array of Phytophthora infestans tomato isolates including the ones that overcomes both Ph-1 and Ph-2. It has been portrayed to the very lower end of the prolonged arm of the tomato chromosome 9 and near the RFLP marker- TG591. Ph-3 has been portrayed in the 0.5cM genomic area of the long arm of chromosome 9 in between the P55 and Indel_3 molecular markers. In addition to these, there are several reports on the quantitative resistance to the late blight as well as the QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) that are related to it. In a study, the reciprocal backcross (BC) populations that are derived from the Solanum habrochaites x Solanum lycopersicum were evaluated by using three kinds of copied disease essays i.e. whole-plant, field and detached-leaflet (Haggard, Johnson and Clair 2015). The linkage maps were developed for each of the BC population by making use of RFLPS. The resistance QTLs was spotted on all of the twelve tomato chromosomes by using interval mapping. Someof the Phytophthora infestansresistance QTLs were identified in the tomato tallied with the chromosomal locations of earlier charted QTLs and the R genes in potato for resistance toPhytophthora infestans, which suggests functional conservation of the resistance in theSolanaceae. Tomato is the one of the most consumed vegetable crops in the world but the emergence of the late blight is considerably limiting its production worldwide. The QTL analysis and the molecular markers analysis works that are executed so far has been very competent for detecting the resistance gene or genes on the genome of the tomatoes and to accomplish marker-assisted choice for few fungus related diseases. As the whole genome succession of tomato is available now, it will be very useful for advancing the molecular breeding through smoothing the positional cloning and marker-assisted selection. References: Haggard, J.E., Johnson, E.B. and Clair, D.A.S., 2015. Multiple QTL for horticultural traits and quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans linked on Solanum habrochaites chromosome 11.G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics,5(2), pp.219-233. Jung, J., Kim, H.J., Lee, J.M., Oh, C.S., Lee, H.J. and Yeam, I., 2015. Gene-based molecular marker system for multiple disease resistances in tomato against Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, late blight, and verticillium wilt.Euphytica,205(2), pp.599-613. Lazebnik, J., Tibboel, M., Dicke, M. and Loon, J.J., 2017. Inoculation of susceptible and resistant potato plants with the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans: effects on an aphid and its parasitoid.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,163(3), pp.305-314. Luan, Y., Cui, J., Li, J., Jiang, N., Liu, P. and Meng, J., 2018. Effective enhancement of resistance to Phytophthora infestans by overexpression of miR172a and b in Solanum lycopersicum.Planta,247(1), pp.127-138. Ohara, T., Ishida, Y., Kudou, R., Kakibuchi, K., Akimitsu, K., Izumori, K. and Tajima, S., Kagawa University and Mitsui Agro Chemicals Inc, 2015.Plant disease control agent comprising D-tagatose as active ingredient, and plant disease control method. U.S. Patent 9,125,409. Seidl Johnson, A.C., Jordan, S.A. and Gevens, A.J., 2014. Novel resistance in heirloom tomatoes and effectiveness of resistance in hybrids to Phytophthora infestans US-22, US-23, and US-24 clonal lineages.Plant Disease,98(6), pp.761-765. Straquadine, G.S., Baig, M.B. and Mukhtar, M., 2017. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences.Journal of Experimental Biology. Zuluaga, A.P., Vega?Arregun, J.C., Fei, Z., Matas, A.J., Patev, S., Fry, W.E. and Rose, J.K., 2016. Analysis of the tomato leaf transcriptome during successive hemibiotrophic stages of a compatible interaction with the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans.Molecular plant pathology,17(1), pp.42-54.

Issues Based on Case Study USB Chargers

Question: Discuss about theIssues Based on Case Study for USB Chargers. Answer: Introduction The Australian safety standards have been implemented for the USB chargers in the country. Faulty or non compliant USB chargers are considered illegal and the shops selling such charges can face prosecution. In the following parts, the liability of the people, on the basis of negligence, has been discussed with regards to the faulty USB chargers. Issue 1 A contract is formed by exchange of a promise or set of promises, for consideration, between two or more parties. There are certain essential elements to form a contract, and these are an offer, acceptance, consideration, intent, capacity, and clarity. In the present case, Jonas received the charger from a friend without any exchange of consideration. There was no intent to create a legally binding agreement. There was no offer or acceptance, as there was no promise. Hence, Jonas cannot seek compensation from his friend on the basis of contract law. When a person fails to take the necessary care, which a reasonable person would take in similar circumstances, it is the case of negligence. Negligence is covered under the Tort Law in Australia. Negligence is caused when a duty of care is owed by the person towards the other person. In order to bring claims against a person on the basis of negligence, an injury or loss has to proved. Without an injury or loss, an aggrieved person cannot claim damages or compensation. To establish if negligence is present in a case, an analysis has to be done regarding the following points: whether a duty of care was owed; has there been a breach of duty; and lastly, did the breach result in a loss or injury. In the case of negligence, an aggrieved party is eligible to receive monetary compensation. Further, if the aggrieved party can show that such injury resulted in mental distress, they can claim monetary compensation for such distress. The case of negligence can only be established if no defenses apply to the breaching party. There is a voluntary assumption of risk. If the person, who has sustained injuries, was aware about the risk of injury, and fully as well as freely understood the risk, and still accepted the risk, then such aggrieved person cannot claim damages against the other party. Further, when the risk is obvious, the aggrieved party is assumed to have known about the risks. And so, such party cannot sue the other party for damages. Lastly, where the risks are inherent, the breaching party cannot be held liable for the injury. There is also the case of contributory negligence, where the aggrieved party is aware of the risks and knowingly indulges in the activities which result in harm. This acts as a defense for the breaching party and the aggrieved party is not allowed to claim damages for such injuries. In the present case, Jonass friend gave him a faulty charger. It was the duty of Jonass friend to reasonably warn Jonas about the faulty charger. Further, as such chargers are not considered safe by the NSW Fair Trading, Jonass friend should have prohibited himself from using the charger, much less give it to his friend. Jonas suffered burns as a result of this act of his friend. So, Jonass friend would be held liable for negligence. Here, Jonas can sue his friend for negligence under the Tort Law and claim compensation. As he suffered distress from such injury, Jonas can also claim for damages on the basis of mental distress. But, it was also the duty of Jonas to check the charger for its safety. He had to ensure that the charger met the Australian safety standards. He knew that the charger did not fulfill such standards and that such noncompliant chargers are risky. This is the defense available with Jonass friend. And since, a defense is available with the friend of Jonas, it can be concluded that Jonas is not eligible to receive compensation in any form, from his friend for the injuries he sustained. In the present case, the charger was supplied by the internet caf. The service of supplying chargers and allowing its customers to charge their devices for free was offered as a means of attracting more customers. And so, a duty of care was owed by the owner of such internet caf to its customers regarding the safety of the charger. The owner of the caf was in the controlling position and did not take the responsibility of ensuring the chargers safety. He did not warn his customers regarding the faulty chargers and as a result, an injury was caused. It was fair and equitable to impose such a duty of care on the owner as he wanted to earn profits by attracting more customers. This would make a prudent person responsible for ensuring the safety of such charger. To establish that a breach of duty of care has taken place, some factors have been analyzed. The degree of the risk in this case was high as there have been incidents in the past where such fault charger had resulted in the death of its user. And the NSW Fair Trading have clearly banned the sale of such products. So, the risk of injury from the use of such charger was foreseeable and not at all insignificant. The failure of the owner directly resulted in the injury to Jonas. Further, there was high chance of the fault charger resulting in an injury. The owner of the caf had not taken any steps to safeguard or remove this risk. But, again in this case, the defenses are available with the owner of the caf. As a prudent person, Jonas had to ensure that the charger which was provided by the owner of the caf was compliant or faulty. The compliant chargers have insulated pins and have the approval marks (Regulatory Compliance Mark) of the authorities. By not ensuring the safety of the charger, Jonas voluntarily accepted the risks. Though, Jonas can clearly establish in this case that, he did not have the precise knowledge of the risk associated with the faulty charger. Further, he can also prove that he did not have the full and free understanding of the risks associated with the charger. So, it can be concluded from the above analysis that, Jonas can sue the owner of the caf for negligence. He can also claim compensation for the injuries he sustained as a result of the negligence of the caf owner. When a false statement made by one person, results in a harm or injury to the other person, it is the case of negligent misrepresentation. Such a person would be liable for the harm or injury to the other person which resulted from the misrepresentation of this person. Further, a negligent misrepresentation has to be made to induce the other party to enter into a contract. For a negligent misrepresentation, there has to be the presence of a representation and such representation should have been provided for a particular purpose. The person indulged in such misrepresentation should have had the knowledge that the other person would rely on such statements. Lastly, the other person must have suffered a loss or injury as a result of the negligent misrepresentation. To establish a case of negligent misrepresentation, it has to be proved that the person making such representation did not have any reasonable grounds to make such a statement. In the present case, the owner of the shop told Jonas that the charger was compliant with the Australian standards, when in reality, the charger was noncompliant. He had made such negligent misrepresentation so as to induce Jonas into the oral sale agreement for the sale of the faulty charger. Jonas had taken the proper steps to ensure the safety of the charger. So, there are no defenses available with the owner of the shop in this case. Further, the owner of the shop was aware about the fact that the charger was noncompliant as the charger did not have any safety marks on it and there was no other basis for making such statement. The owner of the shop also knew Jonas would indulge in his misrepresentation and would buy the charger. So, in this case, Jonas can sue the owner of the shop for negligent misrepresentation as the owners misrepresentation resulted in injuries to Jonas. Further, the owner of the shop is also liable to a penalty of up to $87500 as have been set by the NSW Fair Trading. Conclusion On the basis of the above case study, it can be concluded that an injury or harm resulting from negligence, makes the aggrieved party eligible to receive compensation for such loss. Further, a negligent misrepresentation enables a person to claim compensation against the misrepresenting party for the loss or harm incurred.