Links to the Past Memory and Memorials in Melvilles Pierre - Literature Essay Samples

Herman Melvilles Pierre offers readers a world simultaneously driven by and struggling against its relationship with the past. Personal and ancestral histories dramatically affect the present interactions and psychology of the books main characters, particularly Pierre and Isabel. The link between present and past events appears in the motif of the sins of the father, Pierre Glendinning the Elder, passing down to the second generation. The past binds Pierre and Isabel into a close blood relationship, yet the illicit, ambiguous circumstances surrounding the alleged Glendinning liaison infuses the present with an atmosphere of mystery and decay. The bizarre brother-sister affiliation alludes to a recurrent proposition in the novel: namely, that a characters self-definition and his subsequent self-projection into his surroundings depend largely on the clarity of his perception of the past. Pierre, in particular, relies on family history to construct his basic personality and the face he shows to the world. He appropriates Glendinning legends as a guide for behavior. The one troubling aspect of Pierres character at the beginning of the bookhis mildly incestuous feelings towards his mothermay be explained partly as a reaction to Pierres alienation from his past. The loss of Pierres father, the mature patriarch and the anchor of Glendinning tradition, leaves Pierre lost in deep uncertainty. Suddenly, he must act as both son and father. The displacement of roles blurs his definition of acceptable filial affection. In all other respects, Pierre appears to be a perfect representative of the Glendinning race, prompting Mrs. Glendinning to predict a shining future for her son, the lofty-minded, well-born, noble boy (20). He is, she believes, fit for a position of eminence. Considering the immense wealth of the Glendinning dynasty, it is not surprising that Pierres memories of the past are largely tied to specific material artifacts, heirlooms passed down through the gene rations. From early childhood, Pierre has been surrounded by the possessions of his grandfather, a celebrated Revolutionary War Major-General. Pierre drives his ancestors antiquated phaeton (12), often tries on the old mans military vest (29), and regularly contemplates his grandfathers portrait (30), prominently displayed at Saddle Meadows. These actions constitute Pierres attempt to identify himself with this figure of epic proportions within the Glendinning family. Indeed, Pierres own mother promotes such comparisons, frequently alluding to the ancestors martial accomplishments (13) and often addressing Pierre in similarly elevated and gallant language. Clearly, the young Pierre is being groomed to regard the mantle of his grandfathers nobility as his birthright; at this stage in his life it settles upon him casually as he picks up the Major-Generals antique, silver-tipped baton (12). The painted image of his grandfather projects all of the positive qualities that Pierre either f ancies in himself or hopes to emulate:Never could Pierre look upon his fine military portrait without an infinite and mournful longing to meet his living aspect in actual life. The majestic sweetness of this portrait was truly wonderful in its effects upon any sensitive and generous-minded young observer. For such, that portrait possessed the heavenly persuasiveness of angelic speech; a glorious gospel framed and hung on the wall. (30)In this passage, Melville links Pierres reflective nature to the vigorous and spiritual traits exemplified by the ancestral figure, a Christian model of kindness and charity, as well as a courageous soldier. Melvilles selection of church-inspired terminology suggests that the portrait has influence over Pierre not unlike that of a religious icon. Like a devout worshiper dedicating his life to Christ, Pierre seems determined to follow in his grandfathers footsteps. Through the painted image, his family history gains the solemnity of a religious ideal, w orthy of repetition and emulation. The novel places even greater emphasis on the multiple portraits of Pierres father: one in which he is a carefree bachelor, and another, in which he is a more sedate, married man. Melville indicates that Pierre prefers the latter image. This partiality arises from the close connection between image and memory. The postnuptial portrait more exactly resembles Pierres childhood memory of his fathers appearance and demeanor. Although Pierre does not completely reject the bachelor portrait, it is not reflective of the father-figure he knew from birth until age twelve and, therefore, holds less truth for him. The postnuptial image, on the other hand, approaches the iconic status of the Major-Generals portrait in the Glendinning cult of ancestor worship. Melvilles language when describing the fathers portrait echoes the gentlest husband, and gentlest father (30) characterization of the elder patriarch. The later representation of Pierres father seems corr ectly to convey his features in detail, and more especially their truest, and finest, and noblest combined expression (72). Although not a grand military hero like the grandfather, Pierres fatherwhether through the natural process of aging or through a trick of the artists brushappears to have grown into his role as dignified head of household, a pattern laid out for Pierre. Again, the visual arts act as an emotional and psychological stimulus for the young man, affixing concrete meaning to Pierres memories. Melville uses an architectural metaphor to suggest the result of image-turned-monument. With solid visual evidence of his fathers virtue, to Pierres mind his fathers shrine seemed spotless, and still new as the tomb of him of Arimathea (69). The tomb reference invites a comparison with Christ; although Pierre is semi-aware of the potential inconsistencies between the art and the living subject (72), the tomb image emphasizes the overriding permanence of his familys historical co nstructs. Memory is intimately linked to Pierres character throughout the book, and particularly in a visual context. Isabels shocking revelation seriously challenges Pierres memories of the past. Much of his torment is based on the fact that, other than the evidence of her own sweet face, Isabel cannot offer any visual proof of her lineage. The many ambiguities have severe implications for Pierres sense of place in the world. As a result, he increasingly distances himself from the Glendinning line. Pierres loss of identity is strongly expressed in the scene in which he meditates on his grandfathers bed, shortly after arriving at the Church of the Apostles. Melvilles narrator, probing Pierres thoughts, sighs, But ah, Pierre, when thou goest to that bed, how humbling the thought, that thy most extended length measures not the proud six feet four of thy grand John of Gaunt sire! (271)Despite the early accounts of his extraordinary athleticism (17), Pierre cannot compare physically wit h his grandfather, much less conform to the high expectations imposed on him by his familys collective memory of the Glendinning lineage. Invoking the historical John of Gaunt, fierce knight and founder of a royal line, emphasizes the elevation of Pierres grandfather from man into myth: protector of the colonial frontier, founder of a new American aristocracy. Pierres sense of his own truth and virtue runs counter to the Glendinning culture he has absorbed since birth. His break with the past essentially leaves him a nonentity and his ultimate solution becomes suicide. In this manner, he is able to remove himself entirely from the chain of history. In contrast to Pierre, Isabel seems handicapped by her faulty memory. While Pierre can identify himself with the Glendinning pedigree, even if he falls short of its ideal, his sister has been deprived of familial connections. She has no real knowledge of her origins and cannot remember a single feature of her mothers face. The mystery of Isabels birth forms the core of her psychological development. Having no memories of a normal upbringing, she characterizes herself as something other than human. She admits to Pierre, I seem not of woman born (114). Projecting this self-image enhances the otherworldliness of her sylph-like physical appearance; Pierres first impression of her is one of supernatural beauty, calmness, and sadness (46), compelling but ultimately death-like (112). The confusion between the mundane and the fantastic also manifests itself in Isabels narrative. Vague about the details of her past, she can merely describe a series of disjointed images. Her story has none of the clarity of Pierres recollections of his fathers deathbed, accurate down to the temperature and color of the dying mans hands (70-71). Isabel, when trolling in the past, appears merely befuddled. She doubts the truth of the events she can recall from her childhood; indeed, Isabel has significant difficulty distinguishing between fact or fiction. Although Isabels memory is unreliable at best, her mind appears to work much like Pierres: her most detailed recollections focus on tangible objects. When describing a cottage, possibly her residence in France, she recalls a surprising number of architectural details, her memory of this place having been stimulated by plates depicting the exterior of French chateaux. The actual connection to her life has been lost, leaving only a hazy and uncertain sense of a similar structure and its habitants: No name; no scrawled or written thing; no book, was in the house; no one memorial speaking of its former occupants. It was as dumb as death. No grave-stonebetrayed any past burials of man or child. And thus, with no trace then to me of its past history, thus it hath now entirely departed and perished from my slightest knowledge as to where that house so stood, or in what region it so stood. (115) The cottage Isabel describes contains no physical monuments around which to order he r memories. Not even attributable to any specific region or country, the structure exists outside of time and space, as if springing from an imperfectly remembered fairytale.Isabel projects a far greater degree of clarity and confidence when she speaks of her acquisition of Mr. Glendinnings handkerchief. The piece of cloth becomes her link to the past, although its significance is not immediately revealed. She instinctively calls the owner of the handkerchief father, and the object becomes the means by which she divines the truth about her birth (at least, the truth as Isabel sees it). The handkerchief allows her to adopt an identity that at least partially pulls her out of the obscurity of her childhood.Pierre, supported by modern psychology experiments, comes to the conclusion that visual stimuli play an important role in the creation and preservation of memories. The objects and heirlooms that fascinate Pierre and Isabel take on deep symbolic meanings as their connections to fami ly history are incorporated into the characters thoughts and emotions. In this way, mental images and memories intertwine with their material representatives to influence personality and, ultimately, create a sense of ones place in society.Source cited:Melville, Herman. Pierre, or The Ambiguities. Ed. Harrison Hayford, Hershel Parker, and G. Thomas Tanselle. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1971.

The Theory Of Object Hood - 1244 Words

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The IMF Disease Eating Away Our Daily Bread - 946 Words

The IMF disease eating away our daily bread Pakistan’s economy has paid a huge price in partnering the war on terror with the USA. According to a recently released IMF report called â€Å"Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper†, total losses, measured in terms of exports, foreign investment, industrial output and tax collection, are estimated to be around RS 2.08 trillion during the last five years period. The war on terror has outbalanced already stretched financial resources of the government as a consequence the development projects have been cut resulting in increase in poverty and unemployment. The nation incurred a loss of RS 259 billion in FY 2005 and in FY 2009 it reached over RS 650 billion-indicating more than 100%†¦show more content†¦Coming back to the IMF report findings, it says, to regain macroeconomic stability, Pakistan needs to expand its economy 5-7% per annum over the next 5 years period, create adequate number of jobs, improve income distribution and liberalize the economy, and set gear for transparent privatization. The IMF needs to understand that the epicenter of Pakistan’s problem is the political economy of the country than the economy itself. The two core issues that needed to be addressed immediately are; improvement in security situation and the economic governance. The government is running out of choices as on the one hand it has to meet the harsh conditionalities of the IMF and on the other has to save the economy from total collapse-balancing the two wheels is rather a difficult job for the economic managers of the country. The harsh IMF conditions at the moment are doing no good to the economy, instead, have added to the frustration of common men. What Pakistan needs right now is a growth which is not only demand driven but job oriented which will help increase consumers’ income and standards of living of average Pakistanis. But with high prevailing interest rates, poor security situation coupled with carrot and stick game of the IMF, the task is unlikely to be achieved. Hence the growth will remain subdued in the nearShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesspan w e call the twentieth century, no matter how it is temporally delineated. Never before in history, for example, had so many humans enjoyed such high standards of living, and never had so many been so impoverished or died of malnutrition and disease. If the period from the 1870s is included in a long twentieth century (and perhaps even if it is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented

Media s Influence On Body Image - 942 Words

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Thomas Jefferson And The United States Essay - 2197 Words

Thomas Jefferson was a man that believed in the strength of a republic. Some people feared that United States would not have a strong government. However, Jefferson argued that he believed in this way of government for a multitude of reasons. In his inaugural address as president, he said â€Å"I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern.† This can be interpreted as the right of the people to be involved in their government. He found this to be an essential part of a free government, and it was something Americans lacked when they were under British rule. This same idea correlates with the main ideology that the Roman established their own republic around. Jefferson also expressed the duty of a man to be one with the law. That is main idea that stems from the republic that th e Roman set up during ancient times. In Rome â€Å"one was known by his deeds in the public service, his accomplishments that brought riches to the city, his exploits that showed courage and daring in the midst of danger.† Jefferson used this argument in his inaugural address to claim the republic would not only help American flourish but also bring its citizens together in a way it had during Roman times. The parallels in their reasoning and motive for government was the same and the Americans also hoped toShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And The United States2492 Words   |  10 PagesThomas Jefferson To begin with, Thomas Jefferson was born April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia, to Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph, one of Virginia s most prestigious families. Throughout his long life – he died at eighty-three years old – Thomas Jefferson devoted himself to the building and governing of the United States. 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Genomic Disease Resistance to Late Blight of Tomato-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGenomic Disease Resistance to Late Blight of Tomato. Answer: Tomato or Solanum lycopersicum is a very vital vegetable crop in the world. According to the recent estimation, about 4.6 million ha of tomatoes are grown per year around the world, producing over 126million mt (Straquadine, Baig and Mukhtar 2017). Apart from being the second most important vegetable crop, tomatoes are also considered as a model species of plant for many of the genetic studies associated with stress tolerance, fruit quality or several other psychological traits. Furthermore, to meet with the demands for tomatoes, they are also grown in the greenhouse. Due to great economic contribution of tomatoes in the field of agriculture, there is plentiful interest in making use of the genomic tools in order to ameliorate the tomato and grow more new varieties of it. May times, the production of tomatoes are hindered by several fungal diseases such as late blight, fusarium wilt, early blight, verticilium wilt, septoria leaf spot, etc (Ohara et al. 2015). Among all; the late blight is the most critical one. It is one of the most vital foliar fungal disease in tomatoes. It is the same fungus, which created the destructive loss of potatoes in the year 1845 in Europe. It limits the tomato production. Late blight of tomato is considered as one of the most infamous diseases in the field of agriculture (Jung et al. 2015). It is acclaimed as the root of the famous Irish potato famine of the mid nineteenth century that has resulted in the demise of more than two million people in Ireland. The disease in fact spurred the exposure of the study of plant pathology. During his studies to understand the root cause of late blight, Anton deBary, the botanist demonstrated that a fungal-like growth on the blighted plants was the reason behind it. This had led other scientists and botanists to investigate on other bacteria and fungi that were related to plant diseases and along with the expansion of the Kochs postulates for initiating pathogenicity, causal pathogens of several plant diseases have been identified. The late blight is originated by oomycete pathogen called the Phytophthora infestans (Zuluaga et al. 2016). It in fact is fundamentally a pathogen of tomatoes and potatoes. However, it has also been known to infect the other adherents of the plant family of Solanaceae. It is also significant for having both sexual and asexual life. However, the disease is also referred to as community disease as it has the ability to circulate or spread speedily from one field to another under right weather conditions. It is mostly favored by humid, foggy or raining conditions and cool temperature. It quickly ruins the entire crop and supplies a good source of infections for the other plants. Hence, it is very important for the gardeners to understand the fact that the disease of tomato late blight is not like the other usual tomato diseases. The other diseases causes very limited damage but Late blight in fact, kills the plants completely and is highly infectious and communicable. Late blight is one of the known destructive diseases of tomatoes in the world. Because of the emergence of the very new and aggressive isolates of Phytophthora infestans, identification of new genomic diseases resistance to Late Blight is a top most priority in breeding of tomatoes. The term phytophthora is a Latin term, which means plant destroyer (Lazebnik et al. 2017). The tissues of the infected plants die and the outbreak grow and spread rapidly as the pathogen has the ability to produce a large number of wind-dispersed spores. If once a plant gets infected, it is bound to destroy. Its occurrence in a garden may even affect the other gardens as well and this is due to wind dispersion of the spores. From the popular Irish famine, there has been a high amount interest of the researchers in the disease of late blight. At first, it they studied the affect of the same in potatoes but later the study was held in tomatoes as well. The three major genetic disease resistances against LB include Ph-1, Ph-2 and the Ph-3 (Luan et al. 2018). These resistances have been charted to the tomato chromosomes 7, 10 and 9 respectively. The Ph-1 is a single dominant gene that provides resistance in order to trace the race T-0, but it was speedily mastered by the new races of pathogen. It was portrayed to the very distant end of the chromosome 7 by making use of morphological markers but it has been reported that there was no molecular marker that was related with this resistance gene. The Ph-2 on the other hand is a single insufficient-dominant gene that was portrayed to the very lower end of the prolonged arm of the tomato chromosome 10. It supplies limited resistance to various isolates of the rac e T-1. Ph-3 was primarily discovered in the accessions of S. pimpinellifolium- L3708 and L3707 in Taiwan (Siedl Johnson, Jordan and Gevens 2014). At present, Ph-3 is the most useful among the three major genetic disease resistances. It benefits insufficient dominant resistance against wide array of Phytophthora infestans tomato isolates including the ones that overcomes both Ph-1 and Ph-2. It has been portrayed to the very lower end of the prolonged arm of the tomato chromosome 9 and near the RFLP marker- TG591. Ph-3 has been portrayed in the 0.5cM genomic area of the long arm of chromosome 9 in between the P55 and Indel_3 molecular markers. In addition to these, there are several reports on the quantitative resistance to the late blight as well as the QTLs (Quantitative trait loci) that are related to it. In a study, the reciprocal backcross (BC) populations that are derived from the Solanum habrochaites x Solanum lycopersicum were evaluated by using three kinds of copied disease essays i.e. whole-plant, field and detached-leaflet (Haggard, Johnson and Clair 2015). The linkage maps were developed for each of the BC population by making use of RFLPS. The resistance QTLs was spotted on all of the twelve tomato chromosomes by using interval mapping. Someof the Phytophthora infestansresistance QTLs were identified in the tomato tallied with the chromosomal locations of earlier charted QTLs and the R genes in potato for resistance toPhytophthora infestans, which suggests functional conservation of the resistance in theSolanaceae. Tomato is the one of the most consumed vegetable crops in the world but the emergence of the late blight is considerably limiting its production worldwide. The QTL analysis and the molecular markers analysis works that are executed so far has been very competent for detecting the resistance gene or genes on the genome of the tomatoes and to accomplish marker-assisted choice for few fungus related diseases. As the whole genome succession of tomato is available now, it will be very useful for advancing the molecular breeding through smoothing the positional cloning and marker-assisted selection. References: Haggard, J.E., Johnson, E.B. and Clair, D.A.S., 2015. Multiple QTL for horticultural traits and quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans linked on Solanum habrochaites chromosome 11.G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics,5(2), pp.219-233. Jung, J., Kim, H.J., Lee, J.M., Oh, C.S., Lee, H.J. and Yeam, I., 2015. Gene-based molecular marker system for multiple disease resistances in tomato against Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, late blight, and verticillium wilt.Euphytica,205(2), pp.599-613. Lazebnik, J., Tibboel, M., Dicke, M. and Loon, J.J., 2017. Inoculation of susceptible and resistant potato plants with the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans: effects on an aphid and its parasitoid.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,163(3), pp.305-314. Luan, Y., Cui, J., Li, J., Jiang, N., Liu, P. and Meng, J., 2018. Effective enhancement of resistance to Phytophthora infestans by overexpression of miR172a and b in Solanum lycopersicum.Planta,247(1), pp.127-138. Ohara, T., Ishida, Y., Kudou, R., Kakibuchi, K., Akimitsu, K., Izumori, K. and Tajima, S., Kagawa University and Mitsui Agro Chemicals Inc, 2015.Plant disease control agent comprising D-tagatose as active ingredient, and plant disease control method. U.S. Patent 9,125,409. Seidl Johnson, A.C., Jordan, S.A. and Gevens, A.J., 2014. Novel resistance in heirloom tomatoes and effectiveness of resistance in hybrids to Phytophthora infestans US-22, US-23, and US-24 clonal lineages.Plant Disease,98(6), pp.761-765. Straquadine, G.S., Baig, M.B. and Mukhtar, M., 2017. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences.Journal of Experimental Biology. Zuluaga, A.P., Vega?Arregun, J.C., Fei, Z., Matas, A.J., Patev, S., Fry, W.E. and Rose, J.K., 2016. Analysis of the tomato leaf transcriptome during successive hemibiotrophic stages of a compatible interaction with the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans.Molecular plant pathology,17(1), pp.42-54.

Issues Based on Case Study USB Chargers

Question: Discuss about theIssues Based on Case Study for USB Chargers. Answer: Introduction The Australian safety standards have been implemented for the USB chargers in the country. Faulty or non compliant USB chargers are considered illegal and the shops selling such charges can face prosecution. In the following parts, the liability of the people, on the basis of negligence, has been discussed with regards to the faulty USB chargers. Issue 1 A contract is formed by exchange of a promise or set of promises, for consideration, between two or more parties. There are certain essential elements to form a contract, and these are an offer, acceptance, consideration, intent, capacity, and clarity. In the present case, Jonas received the charger from a friend without any exchange of consideration. There was no intent to create a legally binding agreement. There was no offer or acceptance, as there was no promise. Hence, Jonas cannot seek compensation from his friend on the basis of contract law. When a person fails to take the necessary care, which a reasonable person would take in similar circumstances, it is the case of negligence. Negligence is covered under the Tort Law in Australia. Negligence is caused when a duty of care is owed by the person towards the other person. In order to bring claims against a person on the basis of negligence, an injury or loss has to proved. Without an injury or loss, an aggrieved person cannot claim damages or compensation. To establish if negligence is present in a case, an analysis has to be done regarding the following points: whether a duty of care was owed; has there been a breach of duty; and lastly, did the breach result in a loss or injury. In the case of negligence, an aggrieved party is eligible to receive monetary compensation. Further, if the aggrieved party can show that such injury resulted in mental distress, they can claim monetary compensation for such distress. The case of negligence can only be established if no defenses apply to the breaching party. There is a voluntary assumption of risk. If the person, who has sustained injuries, was aware about the risk of injury, and fully as well as freely understood the risk, and still accepted the risk, then such aggrieved person cannot claim damages against the other party. Further, when the risk is obvious, the aggrieved party is assumed to have known about the risks. And so, such party cannot sue the other party for damages. Lastly, where the risks are inherent, the breaching party cannot be held liable for the injury. There is also the case of contributory negligence, where the aggrieved party is aware of the risks and knowingly indulges in the activities which result in harm. This acts as a defense for the breaching party and the aggrieved party is not allowed to claim damages for such injuries. In the present case, Jonass friend gave him a faulty charger. It was the duty of Jonass friend to reasonably warn Jonas about the faulty charger. Further, as such chargers are not considered safe by the NSW Fair Trading, Jonass friend should have prohibited himself from using the charger, much less give it to his friend. Jonas suffered burns as a result of this act of his friend. So, Jonass friend would be held liable for negligence. Here, Jonas can sue his friend for negligence under the Tort Law and claim compensation. As he suffered distress from such injury, Jonas can also claim for damages on the basis of mental distress. But, it was also the duty of Jonas to check the charger for its safety. He had to ensure that the charger met the Australian safety standards. He knew that the charger did not fulfill such standards and that such noncompliant chargers are risky. This is the defense available with Jonass friend. And since, a defense is available with the friend of Jonas, it can be concluded that Jonas is not eligible to receive compensation in any form, from his friend for the injuries he sustained. In the present case, the charger was supplied by the internet caf. The service of supplying chargers and allowing its customers to charge their devices for free was offered as a means of attracting more customers. And so, a duty of care was owed by the owner of such internet caf to its customers regarding the safety of the charger. The owner of the caf was in the controlling position and did not take the responsibility of ensuring the chargers safety. He did not warn his customers regarding the faulty chargers and as a result, an injury was caused. It was fair and equitable to impose such a duty of care on the owner as he wanted to earn profits by attracting more customers. This would make a prudent person responsible for ensuring the safety of such charger. To establish that a breach of duty of care has taken place, some factors have been analyzed. The degree of the risk in this case was high as there have been incidents in the past where such fault charger had resulted in the death of its user. And the NSW Fair Trading have clearly banned the sale of such products. So, the risk of injury from the use of such charger was foreseeable and not at all insignificant. The failure of the owner directly resulted in the injury to Jonas. Further, there was high chance of the fault charger resulting in an injury. The owner of the caf had not taken any steps to safeguard or remove this risk. But, again in this case, the defenses are available with the owner of the caf. As a prudent person, Jonas had to ensure that the charger which was provided by the owner of the caf was compliant or faulty. The compliant chargers have insulated pins and have the approval marks (Regulatory Compliance Mark) of the authorities. By not ensuring the safety of the charger, Jonas voluntarily accepted the risks. Though, Jonas can clearly establish in this case that, he did not have the precise knowledge of the risk associated with the faulty charger. Further, he can also prove that he did not have the full and free understanding of the risks associated with the charger. So, it can be concluded from the above analysis that, Jonas can sue the owner of the caf for negligence. He can also claim compensation for the injuries he sustained as a result of the negligence of the caf owner. When a false statement made by one person, results in a harm or injury to the other person, it is the case of negligent misrepresentation. Such a person would be liable for the harm or injury to the other person which resulted from the misrepresentation of this person. Further, a negligent misrepresentation has to be made to induce the other party to enter into a contract. For a negligent misrepresentation, there has to be the presence of a representation and such representation should have been provided for a particular purpose. The person indulged in such misrepresentation should have had the knowledge that the other person would rely on such statements. Lastly, the other person must have suffered a loss or injury as a result of the negligent misrepresentation. To establish a case of negligent misrepresentation, it has to be proved that the person making such representation did not have any reasonable grounds to make such a statement. In the present case, the owner of the shop told Jonas that the charger was compliant with the Australian standards, when in reality, the charger was noncompliant. He had made such negligent misrepresentation so as to induce Jonas into the oral sale agreement for the sale of the faulty charger. Jonas had taken the proper steps to ensure the safety of the charger. So, there are no defenses available with the owner of the shop in this case. Further, the owner of the shop was aware about the fact that the charger was noncompliant as the charger did not have any safety marks on it and there was no other basis for making such statement. The owner of the shop also knew Jonas would indulge in his misrepresentation and would buy the charger. So, in this case, Jonas can sue the owner of the shop for negligent misrepresentation as the owners misrepresentation resulted in injuries to Jonas. Further, the owner of the shop is also liable to a penalty of up to $87500 as have been set by the NSW Fair Trading. Conclusion On the basis of the above case study, it can be concluded that an injury or harm resulting from negligence, makes the aggrieved party eligible to receive compensation for such loss. Further, a negligent misrepresentation enables a person to claim compensation against the misrepresenting party for the loss or harm incurred.